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treatment for vaginal yeast

What is the treatment for vaginal yeast infection?

vaginal yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications such as clotrimazole or miconazole . Creams and pills used in the vagina, skin ointments and pills.

antifungal medications are usually effective for treating vaginal yeast infection, but occur most commonly reported infections not responding to treatment. Taking antifungal medications when they are not needed may help the fungus to become resistant to them. That's why you should not use antifungal medication unless it is sure of getting a yeast infection.

If you are sure of getting a yeast infection, you can buy over the counter products to treat the infection. Be sure to follow the directions for using the product. If you are unsure if you have a yeast infection or other infection or problem, you should consult your health care provider. You should also consult your health care provider if you have a yeast infection recurring.

Source: http://www.womenshealth.gov

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Separation Anxiety in Dogs Teeth Misalignment




Malocclusion is usually caused because the teeth are crowded or misalignment of teeth, crossbite, overbite or beatings.

Malocclusion can cause problems with biting, gingival tissue, jaw joint.

Usually a puppy will have 28 baby teeth at six months old. By the time we reach adulthood, most breeds of dogs have 42 teeth. A misalignment of the dog's teeth, or malocclusion occurs when the bite does not fit. This can start when they leave the puppy's teeth and usually worsens as their adult teeth.


smaller front teeth between canines in upper and lower jaw are called incisors. These are used to grasp food and to keep the tongue inside the mouth. Canines (also called fangs) are behind the front teeth used to grasp. Behind the canines are the premolars (or bicuspids) and its function is to cut the food. The molars are the last teeth in the back of the mouth and are used for chewing. Symptoms and Types



common problems that can arise from malocclusion:

◦ Mouth sores

◦ ◦ periodontal disease in soft tissue defects from tooth contact with the bottom of the mouth and
palate teeth wear ◦ ◦ Fractures

If problems persist with the palate, a fistula may result can be infected. In cases of misaligned teeth (or malocclusion), the dog may have difficulty chewing, picking up food, and may be inclined to eat only larger pieces. They are also prone to develop tartar and plaque.

There are several types of malocclusion diagnosable:

◦ Overbite (often called overshot, Class 2, highlight, or mandibular brachygnathism) ◦
weak bite (often called short bite, reverse scissor bite, prognathism, and Class 3)
◦ bite level (often called bite couples)
◦ Open bite (front teeth are missing when the mouth is closed) ◦
anterior cross bite (canine and premolars usually fit but one or more lower incisors are in front of the upper incisors) ◦
posterior crossbite (one or more premolar teeth overlap the top teeth) ◦
abject Boca or bite (one side of the jaw grows more than the other)
◦ Canine narrow base (the lower teeth projecting inward and can damage the upper palate)

The tips of the premolars (teeth just behind the canines) should touch the spaces between the premolars higher, so-called scissors bite. However, it is normal for flat-faced breeds (brachycephalic) and the Boxer, Shih Tzu, and Lhasa Apsos do not have scissor bites.

with an overbite, the upper jaw is longer than the lower. When the mouth is closed, a gap between the upper and lower incisors. In puppies born with an overbite often the problem will correct itself if the gap is not too large. However, a dog bite usually set at ten months old. At this age, improvement will not happen by itself. The overbite your pet may be worse when permanent teeth come in because they are bigger and can damage the soft tissues of the mouth. It is often necessary to extract teeth. Causes



The way in which the upper teeth align with the lower teeth is called occlusion. It is normal for most breeds have a slight overlap of the upper front teeth. When the jaw is closed, the upper canines (fangs) should fit in front of the lower canines. In most cases, the malocclusion is hereditary.




Treatment Most cases of malocclusion of the bite does not require treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary some extraction. It's a good idea to brush the teeth regularly to prevent abnormal accumulations of tartar and plaque. Sometimes your veterinarian will recommend a dental specialist if you want to correct the misalignment teeth.

In recent years, have created "braces" to realign the teeth of the puppies.

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Mushrooms and pregnancy Vaginal

Are vaginal yeast cause infertility?

We have heard of several women with this question, women who want to start looking for a baby but are afraid to have vaginal yeast it impossible.

The best and first thing to know that no vaginal yeast sterile. It is true that if you're trying to get pregnant it is best to see your gynecologist to take treatment, but the fungus will not be an impediment. Remember also to have vaginal yeast in pregnancy you can be really annoying, considering all the hormonal changes that has the woman's body at this time.

Can cause problems have had vaginal yeast infections and getting pregnant now?

No. vaginal yeast do not bring such problems. Keep in mind that often the same tension, anxiety, desire to want a pregnancy can produce just the opposite, and fail to become pregnant. But do not worry, because the fungi are not a problem in this case.

Anyway always remember touch with your gynecologist or for more security.

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Do You Get Period Pains When You're Pregnant?

What is rabies?
Rabies is an infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family. Present throughout the world, except Antarctica and the United Kingdom, where she has been eradicated by setting high safety and control measures.

Rabies has been known for centuries but it was not until 1880 that Louis Pasteur identified the virus as the cause of the disease.

Who is affected and how is it transmitted?
Although dogs are the main affected and transmitters of the disease, anger hurts both wild animals as pets. Can get from wolves, foxes, badgers and squirrels to cats, goats and cows. Bats can be carriers of the virus but no symptoms of the disease.

Unfortunately, this is not exclusively a disease of animals, humans also run the risk of infection.

rabies virus lodges in the infected animal's saliva and a simple bite serve to transmit the virus.

Due to the awareness that exists about the severity of the disease, most pets are vaccinated and therefore rabies virus is no problem for them or for other animals.

Most troubling are the stray dogs, wild animals and bats. Bats can be carriers of the virus (but not show symptoms) and biting an animal or person without it being noticed.

What are the symptoms?
Once the virus enters the body expands to the central nervous system, having a highly variable incubation period (15 to 60 days). After this stage, the animal begins to present the first symptoms.

These symptoms are extremely varied because of the multiplicity of locations virus in the nervous system. This disease is manifested by nervous disorders which may be associated or not mental disorders.

The first symptoms of an infected dog are:

• Conduct apprehensive.
• Nervousness.
• Anxiety.
• Voluntary isolation of the dog.
• Fever.
• The behavior may change, friendly dogs act in a suspicious, scary or irritable and aggressive dogs can become docile and friendly.
After two or three days, the symptoms become worse and depending on the effect of the virus in the brain, our animal may develop a type of rabies or other:
Rabia
furious: not always show, but when it does is characterized by irritability of the animal and by hypersensitivity to visual and auditory stimuli. The dog is restless and is active most of the time. The animal bite everything that is put in between and with the progress of the disease, are confused, uncoordinated and get to have seizures. Between one and seven days, progressive paralysis leading to death.

dumb or paralytic rabies: This also occurs in all cases. May occur after the first symptoms or after the furious rage. The main symptom is paralysis of the muscles of the head and neck. Thus, the dog can not swallow and spit constantly. The lower jaw is paralyzed, leaving the mouth open. This paralysis may affect the diaphragm and cause the dog to death from respiratory failure.

Although it is clear that a dog has rabies, we can only verify after the death of the animal through a series of laboratory tests. Prevention and treatment


There is no treatment to cure a mad dog. In case of infection, the animal is condemned to death. The only effective way to combat rabies is to vaccinate our dog regularly. For

be treated on time (just when the bite), you can try aggressive antiviral therapy. Otherwise, there is still no specific antiviral treatment once symptoms develop the virus.

what to do in case of human bite?
• Clean the wound with soap and water.
• Disinfect with quaternary ammonium.
• Visit your doctor as soon as possible.
• Put the dog biting under veterinary care for 15 days.

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Canine rabies in dogs

Veterinary Cardiology - Aortic stenosis in dogs
MV Rafael Bökenhans

Heart disease in dogs - Heart

aortic stenosis in dogs is due to narrowing outflow of the left ventricle. May occur at the subvalvular (most common), valvular level, or above the valves. It has been demonstrated in hereditary breeds Boxer, Newfoundland, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd. In our experience the incidence is higher in Boxer and Rottweiler.

obstruction to the flow causes a pressure overload to the left ventricle to hypertrophy. The turbulent flow generates the systolic murmur and poststenotic dilatation of the aorta. Increased wall stress affects the coronary circulation and increased myocardial oxygen demand generated areas of ischemia, arrhythmias, and risk syncope or sudden death.

main signs in dogs with aortic stenosis are exercise intolerance, syncope and sudden death. However, often the patient is asymptomatic and the breath is detected in a routine clinical examination. It is of fundamental importance often listening to puppies and young animals of breeds predisposed, because the murmur may increase in intensity as the animal grows.

is because it is concentric hypertrophy and septal thickening may increase the degree of subaortic obstruction.

The breath that occurs is stroke, with the point of maximum intensity in the aortic area (4 th space left intercostal), with skull-dorsal spread, is heard at the entrance of the chest, for transmission to the carotid arteries, or vertebral column.

arterial pulse amplitude can be decreased.


complementary methods for the diagnosis of aortic stenosis in dogs

The chest radiograph is usually normal or show aortic dilatation and the left ventricle.

The electrocardiogram may be normal or show signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats).

Echocardiography is the most sensitive method for the evaluation of this pathology and to visualize the outflow tract and possible secondary changes (concentric hypertrophy, hypertrophy of the papillary muscles)

is ideal to assess the patient with Doppler echocardiography to determine blood flow velocity and calculate the pressure gradient. In this way we can estimate the severity of the stenosis.


Treatment of aortic stenosis in dogs:

Treatment is primarily medical, exercise restriction, diuretics and drugs that reduce contractility, wall stress, oxygen demand, adrenergic blockers (propranolol, atenolol) and blockers calcium channel blockers (diltiazem), and to facilitate diastolic myocardial relaxation and decrease heart rate.

digital should not be used as contractile function is intact.


Surgical techniques to reduce the obstruction.

The prognosis is related to the degree of stenosis. In mild cases may be favorable, but there is always the risk of sudden death. The complications that can arise are: secondary mitral regurgitation and eventually left atrial dilation atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, aortic insufficiency, sudden death.

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aortic stenosis dogs world's richest

say that dogs are man's best friend, but that the animal inherits a fortune, completely changes the concept of love for pets. Gunther IV


Gunther IV is a German shepherd who has 324 million dollars in your bank account. The dog is the owner of a house, a BMW roadster, a driver, a cook and many public officials.
Apparently Gunther IV had inherited his fortune from his father, Gunther III, who in turn had been the sole heir to the estate of his owner, a German-born Countess called Karlotta Liebenstein left £ 43 million to her dog when he died in 1992. Its property portfolio also said to include farms in the Bahamas, Italy and Germany. Tina and Kate


can be traumatic for a dog the death of its owner and more if the death leads to loss of housing, but these Collie, Tina and Kate, did not have to lose your home.

Nora Hardwell, who died the day before turning 90 years, ensured that his two dogs would live the rest of his days in a luxurious mansion and five acres of land in Peasedown St John, and $ 1 million to spend for each one in their whims.
His will stipulates that a caregiver should be used to care for two dogs, and the house must be kept clean at all time. Conchita


The only Chihuahua in the world, in fact, a monetary fund of $ 3 million and a mansion for $ 8.3 million in Miami Beach.
Conchita was the little chihuahua Gail Posner of the heiress, daughter of artist Victor Posner, who died in March at age 67, leaving your pet a mansion worth $ 8.3 million and 3 million trust.
However, Conchita is in the midst of a legal battle with Posner's only son, Bret Carr, who is demanding part of the fortune.
Posner, now when I lived called the attention of the media for outrageously expensive gifts did to your pet (diamond necklaces, leather coat, etc ...) Conchita planned to buy as a Range Rover. A deadly cancer ended his absurd extravagance in March. Trouble


The small Maltese controversial real estate tycoon Leona Helmsley, continues to live an opulent life, while two of the four grandchildren of the woman whose avarice was proverbial, received no inheritance.

Helmsley, who once owned a chain of luxury hotels, was jailed for tax evasion and was dubbed "the queen of evil" for their statements sometimes considered arrogant and insensitive, she left her beloved Maltese White called Trouble (Trouble) a fund of $ 12 million.

According to the text of his will, his will was that when Trouble dies, was buried next to her in her mausoleum. "I direct that when my dog, Trouble, her remains shall be buried next to my remains in the Helmsley mausoleum," wrote the billionaire.


Jasper Jasper, a labrador-doberman cross illegitimate, came from a broken home, having spent his first days in a kennel.

His shiny black coat and big pink tongue were two compelling features to the heiress Diana Myburgh, who adopted and cared for until he died at 74 years. Mrs Myburgh

left trust funds for Jasper $ 50.000 and 50,000 more for another dog, a whippet named Jason, and Jason died when their participation was inherited by Jasper.

The dog, about 14 years old and lives now in Maunsel house in Somerset, with exyerno Ms Myburgh, Sir Benjamin Slade, who invested the initial legacy of Jasper in the stock market and has seen their value three times.

"A dog can not spend that much money," said Sir Benjamin.
"He pays 11 pounds a day to take care of"
"It also has a diamond necklace, but is not real. It cost £ 75 in the Chelsea Market Farmer. "

At one point Sir Benjamin studied the possibility of cloned DNA from Jasper to create a replica dog.

dogs
Roddenberry Majel Barrett Roddenberry, widow of the creator of Star Trek, did not forget to leave $ 100 million to his son, but neither wanted to leave nothing to their dogs, so their future is assured leaving 4 million dollars, a mansion and several hired caregivers.

or eccentricity "Love your pets?

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The Humane remember that all dogs must be bound by Street, and dangerous, with a muzzle. Amores perros

Hundreds of Lugo have been directed in recent weeks to the Protection of Animals and Plants to complain by the presence of stray dogs in different parts of the capital.
This situation has forced the company to issue a press release in which a reminder that all dogs, regardless of its size and race, have to be tied down the street. To this we must add that animals classified as dangerous must be muzzled.

The protective explains that, as stated in the law protecting animals from Galicia and municipal law, dog owners must ensure that their pets are identified by microchip and registered with the City Council. Moreover, "must take the necessary measures so that the animal can not freely access roads and spaces private or public, as well as impede the free access to people, animals or things that are in them. "

At this point, we emphasize that dogs classified as dangerous breeds, pit bull or rottweiler, among many others-must be tied with a belt whose length is less than two meters and a muzzle for that in any case, you can use jaws. If terms are typically only belt, it is unusual to see one of these dogs with a muzzle. Droppings



Another issue that recalls the protector in the statement is that dog owners have to "stop the dirty roads and public spaces" and if this happens, "they must collect animal droppings deposited outside the site bounded to that effect. "

is rare walk on the parapet or San Roque street and not have to dodge poop remains, despite the many protests by the locals.



Source:
www.lavozdegalicia.es

dogs

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: a chihuahua inherits millions of dollars from its owner.

cases millionaires after the death of their owners are becoming increasingly rare.
There are more people who appreciate your pet that your family is nothing new. There are gestures that are worth a thousand words, and cuddle and peaks in the mouth that few would give the octogenarian grandfather or mother dear, but given without restraint to their beloved pets. The

striking still, a lot is that the passion for the poodle that holds the soliloquies (or antipathy felt towards the family) gets to the point that the owner who becomes the main recipient of a large inheritance.

The last such stars as eccentric cases Conchita, a chihuahua who has just inherited a mansion worth $ 8.3 million in Miami Beach and a fund of $ 3 million of its generous owner, Gail Posner. Posner, now when I lived called the attention of the media for outrageously expensive gifts that made him their pet (diamond necklaces, leather coat, etc ...) Conchita planned to buy as a Range Rover. A deadly cancer ended his absurd extravagance in March.

Since then the fate of her inheritance had been in doubt since his only son, Bret Carr, wanted to overturn the will claiming that his mother, he knew he was dying of cancer, had severe problems with drugs and suffering from a disorder bipolar, as recorded by The New York Post. Interestingly

the architect of all, the man who generated the money she has inherited the Chihuahua, Victor Posner, the father of the singular Gail, died in 2002, was a well known businessman, famous for its aggressive financial policy, which was charged tax evasion and would probably have put the outcry to see who would benefit from a wealth cost him much financial engineering. Pets

millions

Conchita's case is not exceptional. As recalled Thedailybeast, the list of millionaires dogs is long. The most famous case is that of Trouble, a Maltese dog almost as nasty as its owner, Leona Helmsley, known as 'The Queen of Evil', or 'meanness', according to some translations. Helmsley, owner and manager of hotels and landmark buildings, 'forgot' to include in his will to two of her four grandchildren, but did not blink to let 12 million dollars to its problematic Trouble, whose bites still remember some of his acquaintances. A judge later ordered to include two grandchildren in the will and reduced Trouble's inheritance to two million dollars.

Majel Barrett Roddenberry, widow of the creator of Star Trek, did not forget to leave $ 100 million to his son, but neither wanted to leave nothing to their dogs, so their future is assured leaving $ 4 million, a mansion and several hired caregivers. The 150 dogs

Eleanor Ritchey had no pedigree, stray dogs that were rich in the oil heir was in charge of pampering in a luxurious mansion. At his death he wrote that they were to inherit part of a fund of $ 12 million more shares of Quaker Oil. Also set aside $ 4.2 million for their care until the last bird died.

Although the case most surreal of all is the one led by a massive German shepherd Gunther IV, in whose name a non-transparent society manages an endowment of $ 65 million bequeathed by the Countess Germanic Karlotta Liebenstein his father, the German shepherd Gunther III. Among the most striking purchases made on behalf of Gunther, the eight-bedroom mansion that Madonna was in Miami, and since July 2000 are supposed to enjoy the dog and their caregivers.

But while the dog is man's best friend, also receive little love cats, orangutans and even turtles. Thedailymail recalls the case of Christina Foyle, owner of the famous London bookshop Foyles, which left part of his fortune to his collection of cats and two turtles, which paid caregivers and home for life. Or, the case of Patricia O'Neill, daughter of the Duchess of Kenmore, who took a long journey from her husband, Australian swimming champion Frank O'Neill, to give something more than $ 38 million to her beloved chimpanzee Kulu , whom he had rescued years ago from a traumatic situation in Zaire.

In Spain where relationships with animals are somewhat less effusive, highlights the case of a millionaire who died in 2008 he bequeathed 9 million to various nature protection societies. The Doñana lynx and donkeys in Cordoba are some of the beneficiaries.



Source:
www.20minutos.es

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Do pets need to be warm in winter? Ear Surgery

Many argue that animals need shelter because they are covered with hair, especially cats and dogs, but this does not mean you suffer from cold.

is common for weakened animals, being sick or too young or old, are unable to spend the winter living in the wild. We know

all dogs and cats mostly elderly suffer from joint problems such as osteoarthritis in the lumbar or lumbosacral which almost always gets worse with cold weather, being able to prevent the animal can stand alone and walk.

For this reason it is necessary that such animals are sheltered in the winter especially when they go out or stay in a courtyard and especially at night, when at rest and remain inactive for many hours and may have a cold.

It should be noted, that small dogs also have very cold, because its surface area is large in relation to size, and this facilitates heat loss. In

markets and pet stores there are plenty of clothes for our dogs or cats, including thermal blankets to sleep warm.

must not forget if your dog or cat stays outside on a patio or a roof you can put clothes on all night and a roof with a surface site to lie to protect them from cold and moisture from the soil.

If your dog is destructive instead of a pillow or mattress You can put a plank of wood on the floor, according mcottas.com



Source:
www.rpp.com.pe

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American Pit Bull Terrier


Cosmetic ear surgery is a veterinary practice is the hablacion or resection of the ear in breeds that are allowed and which are aesthetically good.
This practice is prohibited or restricted in some countries fundamentalente Europeans, since they are considered mutilations like tail docking, but is well established that it is not, with proper techniques the animal does not suffer any physical or psychological trauma, having much for our pet. In the daily clinical
hear many things and myths related to this surgery, as the animal listens too and that hurts the hearing in the long run, you are psychological disorders, and get more aggressive, etc. This is simply as I said, just a myth so it is important for
acesorarse professionals who are on the subject as a specialty, as some do not agree and is also respected as a colleague.
The surgery has its pros and cons, but it is important to know to be clear when making a desicion.
How to start talking about this we can say that nature did not find any species that has the pinna down, they need to improve both predators and hunted audition but when man interferes often deforms and loses its functionality for which was created, and we see different sizes of dogs like German Dogo ej.un and Chihuaua or different conformations of skulls as the bull terrier and the boxer totally different, and so many other races and natural anti conformations not so some of their ancestors as the fox, wolf, dingo, etc.. maintaining phenotypic equal.
But within the pro found the decrease of the ear, that we aeration of the ear canal, making no moisture remains is what often causes this condition. Also prevent aural hematoma formation is the accumulation of blood in the pinna, often produced by some traumatisto and this derived in surgery to decompress the ear can be aesthetically is wrinkled and poorly regarded.
These are just some of the causes that make it, but it is good that evil knows you well, and this pain is something that is not very significant as they have a very high pain threshold, being traumatic surgery at all but high-quality techniques for qualified professionals in the field.
To compare, this breed was created to fight where they have to endure hours of combat, tons of bites and extreme efforts, causing a wing aesthetics do not compare in pain but I can say only people who have gone through this experience with their pets.
cuts rates to call it so will depend on the type of animal, or seeing the phenotype, to achieve total harmony, with a combination of sex, color, length, height, etc., Giving our pit an unparalleled aesthetics.
With respect to post surgical, is an issue that I believe and experience does not have much relevance when discussing as regards pain, well managed it with the medication for the animal does not suffer as you think, but for the care that we take to our pit. But the most important
beyond the aesthetic itself is that the practice is actually done by a trained professional (veterinary medicine), and not by people who believe they know this and have neither the title nor the experience even if they are breeders. And as for closing
acesorense by professionals as appropriate and enjoy nestro pit bull.

Dr Rafael Mora Y Araujo Veterinarian

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First aid for your dog Dog

As for people, first aid for dogs are purpose of providing an extreme emergency treatment in case of sudden illness, accident or any disorder. The circumstances in which it is appropriate first aid maneuvers are:

1 .- When the dog is experiencing great suffering.

2 .- The condition can worsen without intervention.

3 .- You can die if not acted upon immediately.

In practice, not always clear when there are circumstances such as those cited and may be difficult for an inexperienced person to know what to do. However, it is preferable to act, at least to give time to speak by phone with the vet, or transporting the dog to your query. First aid treatment can be as varied as simply keep the dog comfortable and quiet, to give artificial respiration or cardiovascular massage.

The practices below can be performed by anyone, even without experience, and under no circumstances will aggravate the condition of the dog. However, it should be taken as a general rule that the person involved should first consider their personal safety, as the dog, own or someone else, can react with extreme aggression against any manipulation when in an altered state, in many cases it is preferable disable the dog to bite, it can be done quickly wrapping his mouth with tape used for packaging.

DROWNING: Many dogs like the water or even swim, but are unable to discern the dangers they are exposed, so it's not uncommon to be placed at risk, especially in the sea, where can be swept away by waves. Nor is it uncommon for a person to drown while trying to save a dog that is at the mercy of the waves, so in this case the first thing we do is assess our own risk and act carefully, because the dog may be too tired and scared, so it is necessary to prevent the support in our body, bringing you a material Floating to which to grasp at first instance.

If the dog has swallowed too much water, your lungs and have a content, so the first step is to try to expel the water. If it's a small dog, you may be charged head down, shaking it so the water runs by gravity. A large dog will need to lie, but the operation is the same, lifting of the hindquarters so that your head is so low and expel the water, whether as a result of this operation, the dog starts to cough, it is likely that breathing has stopped, so we have to observe your breathing and heart rate, putting the dog on its side and trying to his head is more under his body. If the heart is running, but no breathing, the only viable method is the "artificial respiration", which is discussed below. If the heart is what has failed, we must provide "resuscitation." LOCKS

RESPIRATORY: When the dog suddenly begins to cough violently and it seems that breathing is difficult, it is possible that the dog has swallowed an object blocking his throat, which is extremely distressing for both the dog and who presence. The object may be a morsel of food, toy or anything else. This lock is very dangerous because breathing stops, so you must act immediately to save the life of the dog, of course taking precautions to avoid being bitten by dogs.

Ideally, involving two people, one firmly holding the dog and pinned between his legs while his hands open your mouth as possible, while the second person trying to locate and remove the object stuck, either with fingers or with tweezers. Of course this operation is facilitated if the dog has lost consciousness, but in any case we must act quickly.

In ordinary cases, the object can be seen, because it is something as large protruding in the mouth, but also often the object is inserted into the trachea and was not able to see, so you have to try other methods if it is a big but, you can use the "Heimlich maneuver "which involves placing the dog standing on its hind legs while the person is placed behind, clinging the dog's chest, freeing an arm, will be pressed tightly just below the ribs and repeat this process several times until the object is thrown. This operation is also done with people. If the dog is unconscious and is difficult to make this move up, you can try with the dog lying on its side, pressing hard with one hand on the ribs and one below, trying to produce an effect of "bellows", meaning that air pressure in the lungs tend to dislodge the object. Being a small dog, this operation can try holding the dog on its hind legs and putting it upside down, which has the advantage that it uses gravity.

When is suspended for a long time breathing animal, it can continue to breath even if it is released from the foreign object, so it will be necessary to give artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, depending on circumstances. If the dog is saved, however it is necessary to go to the vet for examination.

DISLOCATIONS OR BROKEN BONES: The result of a fall, accident or sudden movement may be a dislocated or broken bones, being the most common cause being hit, which is precisely a situation of extreme emergency and usually requires first aid, but this case it is necessary to evaluate the characteristics of the damage to avoid aggravating the situation of the dog. Here are a few of the most common fractures and the risk they represent:

* LOMO: If you break the spine, the damage is severe and can occur paralysis of the rear of the body from breaking, so it is still necessary to keep the dog. If necessary move, drag it with care is preferable to a table that doubles as a stretcher, so that it can carry without hurting over the column.

* LEGS: If the dog has been injured in one leg, will have to keep lying and wrap the injured limb with a towel, so it has very little movement, especially if we find that the bone protruding from the skin .

* RIBS: If you suspect you have fractured some ribs, so we must do is wrap the dog's chest with elastic bandages or other material at hand, making sure the bandage is firm but not too tight. If the dog has difficulty breathing, it is assumed that a broken rib had punctured a lung, in this case has to be moved as little as possible until veterinary help arrives.

* TAIL: The most common fracture of the dogs is in the queue, because they are easily jammed by playing or jumping, and is also very common that they caught the tail with the car door. If you see a fracture, the only thing you can do is splinted to prevent movement and take the dog to the vet.

In all cases of suspected fracture or dislocation, the dog should be auscultated by the veterinarian and no should give him anything to eat or drink in advance, it is likely that you have to anesthetize, whether to operate or just to check it, because in a conscious state would not allow the dog.

STATE OF SHOCK: The physiological shock is a serious condition in which blood pressure drops too low, so that the body suffers from lack of oxygen. In dogs, this condition may occur as a result of an illness, injury or trauma. May occur immediately after an accident or a crisis due to illness, but sometimes happens in a period of apparent recovery. As this is a critical situation, action is needed immediately.

indicators that a dog is about to fall into extreme shock are pale gums, when you touch and press a little finger that portion becomes red, indicating that the blood pools there. It also presents breathing, a rapid heartbeat and anxiety. Later, the breathing becomes slow and heart rate irregular perceived at this time the dog may lose consciousness, your gums are blue and the temperature drops to 36.7 ° C or more.

first aid treatment is to place the dog lying on its side and pull her head slightly away from the body to facilitate breathing, then should put some cushion, pillow or whatever you have on hand to lift his hind legs, so that the blood from running down his head. You may need artificial respiration, cardiac massage or resuscitation, it is also convenient cover the dog with a blanket to increase its temperature. Finally we would ask for emergency veterinary intervention.

BLEEDING: Blood flow may be internal or external. The first case is caused by damage to tissues or organs, and the second for injuries ranging from skin inward.

external bleeding are as dangerous as blood loss and type of the same, but when it is clear that a rapid flow is not contained in itself, it is urgent to act, applying a bandage to stop the flow as much as possible, ideally an elastic be bought at the pharmacy, but these emergency will be to resort to any material that works. Before attempting the dressing must be taken to reduce blood flow, closing the wound with your fingers and pressing it for about two minutes to promote precicatrización to occur, as we see that the wound is stuck for a moment, we will bind the area of \u200b\u200ba firm but loosely so that it stops circulation. If the dressing seems to be working there to locate the artery where blood flows into the wound and apply pressure to stop irrigating the area. Once you locate the point where the pressure causes the blood does not run into the wound, we must place a "tourniquet" that place, this is a hard material such as a piece of wood, a pencil or what suited to the area and put in the place where the pressure must be exerted so that this material replaces our fingers, then the area will be bandaged with the material to produce a constant pressure to stop the blood. Thus the critical situation could be controlled and we can take the dog to the vet, but we pay attention to loosen the tourniquet every ten minutes and allow the flow of blood a few times, otherwise it could cause gangrene.

The dog's ears are very sensitive and bleeds easily occur because of minor injuries. In the event that the dog is bleeding from one ear, should be fitted with a gauze or cotton over the affected area and press for about two minutes, to produce the joint cartilage and start the healing process, ensuring that the head dog is up so that there is less irrigation in the affected ear.

If the bleeding comes from a wound on the tongue or any part of the mouth is difficult apply direct pressure in a conscious dog, because he will not allow it and may even bite. In this case it is preferable to keep the dog's head down to avoid swallowing blood and immediately take to the vet, where they surely will have to be anesthetized to proceed to a cure.

* Put the dog in a proper position and apply a thick
of absorbent material to the wound.

* Cover tightly wound with a bandage or the material available. If the dressing gets wet, change it to a new one.

* To temporarily control the severe bleeding of the tail, front legs, back or head, fingers pressed the corresponding point.

If the blood comes from the nose, do not squeeze the nasal cavities or plugs, but dampen a cloth with cold water and place on the bridge of the nose what could stop the bleeding because the cold causes vasoconstriction, but may move that the bleeding comes from an internal injury in these conditions, cold water soaks will not work and the dog must be treated professionally.

If the eye is bleeding, the procedure of the cold cloths can be very effective, it is very likely to be only broken capillaries.

is very common for the dog to break a nail root, causing profuse bleeding; But this is not a real emergency, so that only clean the wound and bandage it to bring the dog to the vet.

BELLY FLASH: This is sudden and excessive growth of the womb that is caused by accumulation of gases, being so pronounced that even interfere with breathing. It is more common to occur in large breeds, although it is possible to happen in small dogs. Suddenly, even in the midst of an exercise the dog collapses, seems to have pain, your breathing becomes difficult and there is a great salivation. Usually occurs after eating and drinking to excess. It is actually a serious case and must be addressed immediately, because the dog is in danger of falling into shock and die.

Burns and scalds: A burn and scrape produce very similar symptoms but the causes are very different. Burns can also be produced by electric current caustic chemicals or materials.

As young children, the dogs are exposed to burns and scalds in the home, so that in both cases we took every precaution, it is very common for a dog severe scalds occur in the language and mouth to try to steal a piece of meat being prepared on a grill, or on his back for spilling coffee very hot. Another risk is that the dog is very near the fireplace or fire anyone. Many puppies are biting electric shock because the wires.

Burns are classified in "degrees", ranging from the superficial, which is enough tissue to restore alone until deep burns, which also affect internal tissues or organs, so the scar is difficult and will produce severe pain and disfigurement.

With all burns, but particularly with the deep, the greatest risk is the shock, and secondary infection. Occasionally, especially with long hair dogs, the consequences are not obvious and the infection occurs later.

first aid procedure consists, primarily, to pour cold water slowly over the affected area for ten or fifteen minutes, which will relieve pain and cleanse the excoriation. If your skin is not serious damage, it simply must be covered with cotton gauze and adhesive tape or by contacting the vet to ask his advice. If the affected skin burns in some depth should take the dog to the vet, and if the burns are deep, it is more humane euthanasia.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION: A technique Last urgency applies where the dog has stopped breathing or even if there was a cardiac arrest, which is a really serious situation, because if the brain stops receiving oxygen permanent damage is a matter of a few minutes, so that must be combined with artificial breathing technique known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

There are several reasons why breathing ceases, such as anaphylactic shock, choking, suffocation, electric shock, severe beatings or injuries. Sometimes breathing is so slight that it can be detected, but there is, what can be perceived only a piece of cloth hanging in front of the dog's mouth to see if it moves, and if so, we're not in the presence of respiratory failure. But if breathing is not detected, it must act immediately to save the life of the dog. Place them lying on your side and raise his head to open his mouth and pull a little of their language, so that we can check your mouth and throat for foreign objects that may be obstructing breathing, and if so will require try it out with your fingers or an instrument, if not the case, however we must proceed to provide artificial respiration, leaving the dog bed and ensuring that your head is below your body. Be placed both hands on the region of the ribs, and begin to press and release rhythmically, mimicking the movement of the chest in normal breathing, so that your lungs regain their motion, it must do this for half a minute and see if breathing is restored if it does not continue with another session. If the heart continues to operate, artificial respiration may be sufficient to carry oxygen to the brain, this technique is ineffective only if the lungs are punctured, or there is a wound in the chest that could be aggravated by manipulation, if this is the case it is preferable manage other types of artificial respiration, which is "mouth-nose."

Given the anatomy of the dogs is unlikely to be able to breath "word of mouth" so you do mouth to nose. Blowing hard on the dog's nose may inflate their lungs, proceeding also rhythmically blowing and pulling his mouth to bleed air, the process is repeated and continues until the dog's normal breathing is restored, periodically reviewing such thing has occurred. This is the safest method of artificial respiration, particularly when we see blood in the mouth or nose of the dog, indicating the possibility of injury to the lungs.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure which combines the mouth-nose with heart massage, it is the last procedure that is used in a dog who has stopped breathing and has no heart activity.

The first operation is to review the dog's mouth and throat in the manner described above, then will proceed to the mouth-nose for about ten seconds, followed by a massage, if the dog is small, should be fitted with a hand on his back and one on his ribs, pressing and releasing at a rate of 120 times per minute, thereby mimicking the heartbeat, in the case of a large dog, we must press on with both hands on each other, also on the ribs to stimulate the heart. In the very large breeds it is preferable to put it back and act directly on the chest, including two times when pressing hard on the chest and a time to release the pressure, which must be eighty times per minute.

Whatever the method, will be suspended from time to time (about every two seconds) to see if the dog has a pulse, just as we take in one of his forelegs. If the dog is not breathing is required another session of artificial respiration. Ideally, this operation involving two people, one giving breathing and other cardiac massage. ELECTRIC SHOCK

: Many dogs suffer shock when they bite the wires, being most exposed pups because of their exploratory behavior and play. In many cases, the electric shock is fatal or causes serious burns. When shock occurs, the first step is to remove the dog from the power source, preferably by disconnecting the cable in question to not receive shock ourselves, we immediately have to review the respiratory and cardiac activity of the dog and in case of suspended one, or both, proceed as already described, with artificial respiration and massage cardiovascular. If you have been successful and has saved the dog's life in any way will be taken to the vet for further treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS



* Please hand the phone number of the nearest vet to your home.
* At home you should never miss a kit
* Under any circumstances do not lose control
* It's up to the dog's life
* Never lose sight of your injured

"Pets are not toys, take them involves a great responsibility, they depend on you "

How Much Can You Sell A Real Pearl For?

very energetic or hyperactive

Dalmatians, Beagles, Cocker Spaniels, Border Collies, Jack Russells, Boxers, Retrievers and many other breeds and mixes are members of the club of highly energetic dogs.

Most times these dogs are labeled as destructive, messy, rude ... and what actually happens is that these dogs need play sessions, walks and effective training for wasting your energy, plus their owners need patience, sense of humor and strength to bear children and puppy puberty. The good news is that training and attention to grow their fruits with these dogs, which can be excellent companions.

energy: a matter of metabolism

specifically
Some dogs and some breeds of dogs have naturally high metabolism that produces high levels of energy. Therefore, these dogs have been used for grazing sheep, horse floats tracking, hunting mice, crawling, etc., All tasks that require hard work.

But we can not only blame the issue of energy metabolism: the weather, diseases and nutritional levels can influence metabolism. Usually dark-colored dogs, those very hairy and short-beaked have less energy in hot and humid climates, and short-haired dogs may be less active in cold weather. Dogs with hypothyroidism are less active in all weather unless be treated with drugs that regulate the production of thyroid hormones. Every dog \u200b\u200bneeds

fat that can be quickly converted into energy and carbohydrates and proteins can be stored as energy to be released when necessary. Working dogs (hunting dogs, herding, sled racing, agility competitors, etc.) require the intake of these three elements to harness their full potential. Channeling the energy



Today, herding dogs, hunting and tracking do not perform these activities for which they were developed and we have inserted in our urban environment, where they have only make sleeping and eating. The problem arises, then, because the dose of energy remain the same and have no choice but to download them with what they have to hand: destroy plants, chew furniture, bark a lot, etc.

The trick, then, is to channel this energy toward appropriate activities. Although these dogs have been developed for specific purposes, the creativity of their owners can replace them and encouraging alternative activities to keep a pet happy, long walks, trekking in the hills, obedience training, agility competitions, running, etc. may be activities that meet the needs of energy expenditure of a hyperactive dog.

is not necessary to channel the energy towards activities related to race. Dogs with high doses of energy tend to be good at obedience competitions and really enjoy the agilty, dog sport that allows them to run, climb, jump and above all enjoy together with its owner.

Whatever the owner decides to do with his highly energetic dog, remember that the basis of control is given by early training, which is a combination of socialization, teaching a few commands, monitoring of access to resources and games. Here are some tips:

1. Give your puppy opportunities to explore different environments, always with supervision, both at home and abroad.

2. If you can not supervise him, confínalo in a safe space.

3. If you work all day, you can get a neighbor, a nephew or someone you know who likes dogs him out for a walk or play with him at any time of day.

4. Make the training a game in the park you can call and ask simple exercises in exchange for throwing a ball, hide and invite your puppy to get you with its powerful smell, ask him to bring objects in exchange for a piece of food, etc. This can not only be a way to channel the energy of the puppy, but it helps develop a stronger bond between you and your dog.

5. Make sure your dog has appropriate toys: Toys that provide activity when the dog is just very useful. The Buster Cube is a sturdy plastic bucket can be filled with dry food for your pet and gives work to get every grain. On the other hand, there are Kong toys, which can be filled with a mixture of wet and dry food for the dog to remove it slowly. Other toys that must be taken into account are balls, FreeSBIE and tug toys (like the strings with knots).

6. Take some classes in obedience training gives the dog mental and physical stimulation, develops master-dog relationship and allows a dog which is nicer educated take walks and holidays. Participate in competitive obedience and agility training allows you to keep steady and keep your energy at acceptable levels. Conclusion



Having a dog member of this club can be a problem or a joy. You choose. You let him decide how to spend the same energy (and may not always choose what you expect) or you can give it the attention and training needed to pass a good time together.

Re Routing Washing Machine Water

kennel cough. It is a dry cough that can give your dog when you together with others in a dirty and infected area within cages and sharing utensils with others. Contract is common for dogs in kennels or pet shops with poor hygiene. This disease is spread by mucus, saliva, sneezing, feeders, cages, etc. If not caught early with proper treatment, your dog may fall into a picture of pneumonia and may die.

symptoms: cough, mucus, serous (clear and odorless) mucus, pus (colored and smelly), depression, prostration, loss of appetite, fever (you'll notice in the abdomen, bearing plantar hot and dry, dry nose) conjunctivitis.

Treatment: Clean and disinfect with chlorine, benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine the area where live your dog, especially if you live with other dogs to prevent reinfection. Isolate sick animals to prevent it from infecting others. If you have only one dog, disinfected the areas where you are and visit to the vet.

Since the respiratory system is very sensitive, do not give any medication such as aspirin, syrups, etc.., It would complicate the problem further. This refers to the vet just one or more of the symptoms mentioned for the vet to recommend the appropriate therapy and the wall as quickly as possible.

canine distemper. It is a viral disease common in young and old animals was not vaccinated. Animals infected clear the virus through all body secretions and urine and feces. The main sources of infection include pet stores, breeders, kennels, etc., When they are dirty and infected.

Symptoms: vary widely, but most common is that this lack of appetite, depression, fever, rhinitis and conjunctivitis abnormal secretions (green slime, pus, etc.), Pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, vomiting, diarrhea, nervous symptoms in the terminal phase.

Prevention: It is possible to improve or eliminate the incidence of disease through vaccination. If you had dogs before it got sick the new puppy, disinfected thoroughly with water, detergent and bleach all areas that dog used to visit for about four consecutive days and rinse thoroughly with water, non-irritating to sensitive parts of the new puppy.

Treatment: A lot depends on your patience in the implementation of treatment prescribed by your veterinarian. If your dog comes to sequels will recover nerve, plantar bearings, like the nose, will be cracked for life. Although this will live an almost normal life.

Tetas Grande Gratis Online

respiratory diseases expert Reflection on potentially dangerous dogs




potentially dangerous dogs are called into question lately with alarming headlines in the news, after a pit bull attack that killed a child of three years in Tenerife. Experts say such attacks are rare, more related to the ability to educate the animal owner with a violent nature of this, in fact in Germany requires a training course for the owner, to properly educate your dog.

Here you can see the reflections of two experts, Charles Millet and Miguel Ibáñez:

Carlos Millet, an expert in animal behavior affects the personality, emotional stability and the preparation of the owner. "The first thing he warns, is that we are dealing with a person really able to control a dog at a critical time. " The hazards in homes, farms, streets, parks or beaches "are the result of inexperience, lack of preparation to take this animal or bad luck."

A Royal Decree of 2002 established a catalog of potentially dangerous dogs. The list includes breeds pitbull, staffordshire bull terrier, American Staffordshire terrier, Rottweiler, Dogo Argentino, Fila Brasileiro, Tosa Inu, Akita Inu and their crosses.

"No scientist has shown that these races, the fact that races are dangerous," says Miguel Ibanez, an ethologist at the University Complutense of Madrid. “Lo que hace peligroso a un animal es la falta de socialización en periodos sensibles”.

Según Ibáñez, no conviene separar a la cría de la madre y la camada hasta las siete semanas. En ese tiempo el animal recibe “información básica” para tener seguridad en sí mismo y menos agresividad. Entre las ocho y las 12 pueden empezar a convivir con humanos. “A esa edad los ven con normalidad y tienen reacciones ponderadas”, afirma.

“La ley es un fracaso porque se hizo con precipitación, en respuesta a un periodo de agresiones”, asevera el presidente de la protectora de animales El Refugio, Nacho Paunero. “Y determinar razas potencialmente peligrosas is his first mistake. Thousands of families have pitbulls, the attacks are somewhat isolated. "

"without being branded as undesirable certain breeds of dogs, it would be unfair, the owners of potentially dangerous dogs must think and take into account the responsibilities associated with these dogs, because on one hand is the fulfillment of obligations laws, such as administrative license to possess, and the simple caution and common sense, as these animals are carrying a leash and muzzled, observing the same behavior in the family home "

To have a dog breed enough to obtain a license, which includes psychological fitness requirements as and adequate liability insurance to third parties not less than 120,000 euros. "The government should require the owner prepared to educate your dog in Germany requires a training course," complains Ibáñez.

What Causes Blood And Scabs Inside The Nose?

Dermatology: Bacterial Skin Diseases

any condition is common skin infection finally finished. The name given to skin infection caused by bacteria is pyoderma.

Under the skin layer will reach the classification and severity of the case.

The skin consists of:


stratum corneum epidermis (the pods form follicular, sebaceous glands discharge their contents in hair follicles)
dermis (cells and fibers)
hypodermis (adipose).
In normal skin there are certain mechanisms of defense: Physical

:
mantle follicle (primary protection)
stratum corneum (the layer of dense cells and inert) plus sebaceous crust that forms on the surface of the stratum corneum, the product of secretions and peeling.
Chemicals (elements on the surface of the skin)
linoleic acid (bactericidal)
soluble substances (inorganic salts and proteins)
items immunity (complement, transferrin, Ig G, M, E, A, Interferons)
Bacteria banal: they live on the surface of the skin (hair infundibulum, where the skin invaginates) in symbiosis, and exchange of growth factors. The number of bacteria is influenced by the skin's pH, salinity, moisture, fatty acids, proteins.
There are two groups of bacteria:

Residents: No pathogenesis and multiply on the skin.
Acinetobacter spp.

Staphylococcus Coagulase + Staphylococcus Coagulase -
Micrococcus spp.
hemolytic Streptococcus
Transients are more aggressive. While on the surface of the skin can not be played, but they are potentially capable of causing pathogenesis of skin alterations to (Help the primary pathogen to aggravate the situation.)
Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Corynebacterium spp.
E.
coli Bacillus spp.
The only primary pathogen is Staphylococcus intermedius. Normally

skin contains a certain amount of bacteria. That population is growing in humid and high temperature and decreases in cold and dry.

The injured skin, as in cases of seborrhea, oily skin, inflammation, even without infection increases the number of bacteria. The increase in the number of bacteria without infection is called bacterial colonization.

(A normal skin pustules is primary infection). Antibiotics

1 st choice

Erythromycin 10 mg / kg every 8 hours. Lincomycin
22 mg / kg every 12 hours. Clindamycin
5 to 11 mg / kg every 12 hours.
Antibiotics used in resistant infections or prolonged therapy

Cephalexin 22 mg / kg every 12 hours. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
22 mg / kg every 12 hours. Sulfas
powered 30 mg / kg every 12 hours
Rifamicin 5 to 10 mg / kg / day. (It is very good for deep pyoderma but resistance occurs quickly.
Antibiotics used in mixed infections

In immunocompromised animals (eg demodeccia) occur as mixed infections would be more convenient to use more broad-spectrum antibiotics that target G-, and Pseudomonas the most common. Enrofloxacin

2.5 to 5 mg / kg every 12 hours. Norfloxacin
22 mg / kg every 12 hours
Ciprofloxacin 10 to 15 mg / kg every 12 hours.
Amikacin 10 mg / kg every 12 hours (iny.)
Gentamicin 2 mg / kg every 8 hours (iny.)
These antibiotics in turn can be combined, eg. Amikacin + gentamicin. Antiseptics and immunomodulating



iodinepovidone
benzoyl peroxide (POB) Chlorhexidine

autovaccines
Levamisole 2.2 mg / kg every 48 hours.
Coriovaccine (drops) 1 drop / kg in fasting
Stavaccine (Blisters) 10 ampoules. 1 every 4 days. (Injectable bacterins)
antiseptics used in the external treatment in baths with shampoo containing iodinepovidone, POB 2.5% (excellent for deep pyoderma but has the disadvantage of being a little annoying), or chlorhexidine (great for less superficial pyoderma aggressive).

The pyoderma are classified by depth: Surface Pyoderma

: involve only the stratum corneum with erosion.
superficial pyoderma: also involve the stratum corneum, stratum subcorneal and infundibular surface portion of the hair follicle.
deep pyoderma: besides of the above, involves the depth of the hair follicle (folliculitis) and breaks it (furunculosis). The infection may spread to the dermis (cellulitis) or fat (panniculitis) and can take out fistulized address in the form of honeycomb. Surface Pyoderma


growth of pathogenic bacteria without causing severe infections.

presentations we see are:

1. Dermatitis pyotraumatic (heating pad) (acute moist dermatitis)

2. Intertrigo (skin fold pyoderma of)

pyotraumatic

Dermatitis is a disorder caused by self-induced trauma by the animal through biting, scratching or rubbing to relieve an itching or pain. Predisposing causes




Hypersensitivity to flea allergies in general that cause itching all over his body.
anal sac disorders. Otitis

Foreign bodies in the mantle dirty hair follicle mantle

painful musculoskeletal disorders (less common). Presentation

De
overnight lesions appear agglutinated hairs with a sticky proteinaceous exudate with a strong odor, sour, unpleasant. The skin is red, moist exudate and the edges are well net. It gives more in summer (summer sores).

is self-limiting because the pain caused by the animal stop scratching.

The heating pad is always in the area near where there is itching.

As dries very adherent crusts. Treatment



not require systemic antibiotics.

1) Toilette (shaving the area)

2) Clean with antiseptic solution (Pervinox diluted, hydrogen peroxide)

3) local anti-inflammatory. You can prepare a warm brine 1 tablespoon boiling magnesium sulfate or sodium chloride quart of water and applied twice daily. Seca injury by osmotic action.

4) In topically:

1) antibiotic plus corticosteroid cream or

2) aerosol (N terracortil antibiotic, corticosteroid and antifungal)

5) oral prednisone for 7-10 days (0.5 - 1 mg / kg / day).

preventive measure is to keep the hair and ears clean and free of fleas and clean anal sacs. Intertrigo



erosion is rubbing skin against skin. There is an inflammatory state with poor air circulation and if mixed with a fluid, macerated skin, softens and pyoderma occurs, without being very important is annoying and very unpleasant smell by releasing volatile fatty acids.



Causes Friction between skin and skin

humidity in the presence of secretions and excretions (tears, urine, saliva)
anatomical defects of race: ex. Shar pei, Bulldog who have skin folds on the face produced a facial fold pyoderma. The Cocker, with pendulous lips, lip fold pyoderma. In obese dogs, including mammary lines, and skinfold pyoderma pyoderma perivulvar. At Bulldog, with its tail cut very short, tail pyoderma. Treatment


not require systemic antibiotics.

Medical treatment is only palliative. Use a shampoo with POB at 2.5% and the application of gel with 5% POB.

In some cases the definitive treatment is surgery of the fold. In other cases

enough to take the animal to lose weight and folds away. In some cases

spayed females that produce fat and atrophy of the vulva sometimes associated with urinary incontinence, where there is a pyoderma perivulvar can try an estrogen therapy and control incontinence caused by castration. (Estrogen makes the vulva hypertrophy).

ECP is used 0.25 to 0.5 cc SC injection every 60 days.
Superficial pyoderma


presentations we see are:

1. Impetigo

2. Mucocutaneous pyoderma

3. Superficial bacterial folliculitis

4. Dermatophilosis (given in horses by a yeast in small almost invisible). Impetigo



Classical pyoderma puppy until puberty. Predisposing causes

parasites and viruses



dirty environments immune-mediated diseases Malnutrition



Features Granite or pustules that break easily and leave scabs
balding areas (armpits, groin)
not painful No itchy

not involve the hair follicle are subcórneas

If present in adult animals is due to a more serious because they are animals suffering from hypothyroidism, Cushing or diabetes.
large pustules, weak, easily broken, they can coalesce.
Sometimes kittens by the mother's excessive care (licking) can impetigo lesions on the neck and face (most common organism in these cases is Pasteurella). Treatment


1) Correcting the underlying problem

2) Antibiotic: 1 st choice, eg. Lincomycin for 2-3 weeks.

3) Bathrooms daily with chlorhexidine shampoo (for superficial pyoderma).

4) In older animals to determine if there are hypothyroidism, Cushing or diabetes. Mucocutaneous Pyoderma



Not a Pyoderma very common.

occurs around the mouth, eyes, anus.

The German shepherd starts at the corner of the lips and extends around the mouth.

Differential Diagnosis Autoimmune Diseases


Zn deficiency. Treatment


Systemic antibiotics: Erythromycin, Lincomycin for 21 days.

antibiotic cream (mupirocin = Bactroban is a pharmacy): Apply to all the mouth area. Superficial bacterial folliculitis



includes 90% of cases of canine pyoderma.

infection is the portion of the hair follicle suerficial S. intermedius. Predisposing causes



Manto dirty hair.
seborrhea (skin oil).
Ectoparasites (Demodex, fleas).
Hormonal factors (hypothyroidism, Cushing).
local irritants. Allergies
.
This can cause alterations of the skin and predispose to infection and folliculitis is the most common. Presentation



The lesion begins with a papule, pustule that passing leaves a crusty area around it and a central alopecia and hyperpigmentation. The lesions expand into collar or porthole.

In animals with short hair folliculitis appears as small elevations similar to mosquito bites. Scraping the lesion may remove the crust, leaving an alopecia.

As the lesions extend the follicle mantle takes moth-eaten appearance. (Hairless zones extend in the form of oil stain).

old injuries predominate in hyperpigmentation.

In animals with long hair is flaking, crusting, and alopecia.

may or may not itch. Treatment



If a patient scratches have folliculitis, try it and see what happens after the itching.

Antibiotics: Lincomycin and erythromycin for 3 weeks. Bathrooms
daily or every two days with chlorhexidine.
After that two things can happen:

1) The animal has no injuries but is still scratching. Then it can be:

1) allergy

base 2) fleas, lice and other ectoparasites

3) pruritic disease

2) The animal has no more injury and itching disappears. Then a base box not itchy and itching was due to infection. This table reflects:

1) causes seborrhea hormonal, nutritional, idiopathic, lack of dietary lipids.

2) bacterial hypersensitivity. Allergy S. intermedius (type II reaction). In this case we can use vaccines (Stavaccine, 1 vial every 4 days SC.) or drops (Coriovaccine, 1 drop / kg / day fasting).

Both can be combined with antibiotics.

If folliculitis is no itch: Antibiotics


Bathrooms
If injuries are healed and no itching, it was seborrhea causes hormonal, nutritional, and idiopathic or lack of lipids.

(No one knows why seborrhea causes itching in some cases and in others not).
Deep pyoderma


Involving deeper layers of the skin.

superficial pyoderma are extensions that extend deep mishandling not fully determine the underlying cause by antibiotics combined with corticosteroids, or if treatment is successful there may be underlying causes that are important to reach a podermia deep.

deep folliculitis, furunculosis and cellulitis

The origin of the whole complex is always folliculitis, this can lead to furunculosis and cellulitis.

most common etiologic agents are S. intemedius, dermatophytes and Demodex canis. Predisposing causes



Demodeccia: always do skin scrapings, no matter the age of the animal. Dermatophytosis

widespread endocrine abnormalities, hypothyroidism, Cushing, sex hormones. Seborrhea
chronic. Immunosuppression
(very common).
Adverse drug reactions (eg, cephalexin). Presentation


manifestations include follicular pustules that break easily and leave scabs, there may be sinus tracts with purulent or seropurulent content that comes out when you press the injury.

animals can lick appearing ulcers.

skin weakens and takes a dark color, black.

During the exam, due to weakening of the skin ulcers can occur spontaneously in a zig zag and there is slight pressure before discharge.

have a very unpleasant sour smell.

In cats there are predisposing factors such as ulcers fights (very common cause) and diseases affecting the immune system.

The primary pathogen is S. intermedius, but often in chronic cases may be other, so you have to do a culture for bacteria and fungi (usually appears Pseudomonas). (In the antibiogram have to choose the antibiotic to which S. intermedius was sensitive and that controlling it is very likely to be resolved pyoderma).
Imprint


Diagnosis: To quickly view the severity of the injury, through the amount of bacteria, neutrophils, etc..
Routine scale-to rule demodeccia.
Biopsy may reveal underlying pathologies.
blood studies: to determine the immune status. An animal with normal immune system responds to a pyoderma with a white blood cell count and lymphocyte 15.000/cc over 1.000/cc. If the values \u200b\u200bare lower than we are facing an immunocompromised animal.


Treatment Antibiotics: Cephalexin for 1.5 to 3 months. Cephalexin is used to be bactericidal, well tolerated and with little resistance (hence should be reserved for deep pyoderma).
(For example, in the interdigital demodeccia adult in English Sheepdog, a rebel if you can combine cephalexin + gentamicin injection.)

Bathrooms: with POB or ethyl lactate. You should cut your hair for more efficient toilets.
deep folliculitis, furunculosis pyotraumatic

predisposing causes:

acute moist dermatitis.

There are breeds like the Siberian, Labrador, St. Bernard from a heating pad to reach a deep pyoderma. Treatment



Antibiotic
not give steroids for 6 weeks minimum. Bathrooms
day with POB
Application of mupirocin cream.
deep folliculitis, furunculosis nasal

is located on the bridge of the nose, long-nosed dogs, dolichocephalic breeds.

deep infection is a very painful and very rare.

papules or pustules quickly reach deep furunculosis. Predisposing causes


Muzzle
continuous local trauma

Raza (pastors, pointer, dolichocephalic races) Differential Diagnosis


There are many diseases that cause damage to the bridge of the nose. We must make a mark and see neutrophils and coconuts to confirm the infection and if not found bacteria make the differential diagnosis: Mycosis

(M. gypseum)
Lupus, discoid on the Collie.
canine pemphigus foliaceus. Systemic Lupus

Zn deficiency.
do a biopsy to detect autoimmune diseases.



Treatment is usually very effective. Fomentos

warm antiseptic solutions such as Pervinox, 2 times per day or more water Alibur water (equal parts) 2 times / day.
Application of antibiotics and steroid creams. Antibiotics
(minimum 4 weeks).
deep folliculitis, furunculosis muzzle



Predisposing causes Puberty Acne

canine breeds (Boxer, Bulldog, Great Dane, German Shepherd, Dobermann).
appears on the chin and lips of certain short-haired dogs canine linked to acne.

Generally the owner finds out by accident. Tends to disappear by puberty.

It is related to sexual hormonal status (juvenile acne) (Acne: changes in the sebaceous glands that can become contaminated).

The animal game, you can scratch and cause such injuries.

also occurs in cats.



Local Treatment with daily baths with shampoo 2.5% POB and POB creams or gels with 5% or Bactroban.

is made daily until resolved and then 1-2 times a week until puberty.

If the problem continues after puberty is unlikely to be cured and never have to control it forever.

In adults it is more local antibiotic treatment for 4-6 weeks.

maintenance is done with a pharmacy prepared fluorcinolona acetonide 0.01% and DMSO 60% 1-2 times per week.

In more severe cases extends to the side of the chest and neck. Generally respected the head and forelegs.

The origin is unknown but is believed that the cause is genetic and some animals have found that some elements precipitate infection: atopy, hypothyroidism, immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity bacterial demodeccia.

In these cases, if there is no underlying cause, it is prolonged antibiotic therapy.

There are two ways to do:

pulse therapy:

the antibiotic is given until the problem is solved, for example. 12 weeks. After 12 weeks followed, eg., The following scheme:

During the first month, 1 week with treatment, rest Week 2, Week 3 treatment, 4 th week break.

During the second month: Week 1 treatment, 2 nd and 3 rd week break, week 4 treatment.

During the third month: Week 1 treatment, 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th week break.

(A Tonelli gives best result stabilizing therapy treatment in a week and another week of rest).

suboptimal dose therapy:

After 12 weeks, the animal is clinically well follow the following schedule:

Eg. 100 mg every 48 hours for 2 weeks.

then 50 mg every 48 hours for 2 weeks, and so the dose is lowered. Furunculosis


acral lick
is common Dobermann, German Shepherd, Great Dane. Predisposing causes



continuous Lamido of carpals / tarsals, metacarpals / metatarsals.
acral lick dermatitis (boredom, neurosis). Allergy Trauma


Hypothyroidism
musculoskeletal pain
Whatever the cause is a deep pyoderma, then before hearing the case must be given antibiotics for three months and apply fluorcinolona + DMSO twice a day.

If a member is involved only in general is panic.

If more than one member affected, think of another problem.

pododermatitis
morbid multifaceted and complex
phlogistic (inflammatory) affecting the interdigital spaces of hands and feet. Predisposing causes



Bodies strange, irritating substances
Allergies (contact, food, atopy)

Fungal and bacterial parasites (demodeccia)
sterile pyogranulomas
psychogenic factors and immunosuppression

Hypothyroidism Autoimmune Deficiency of Zn
deep folliculitis and cellulitis

Hypersensitivity to flea
Presentation

interdigital spaces are given red, wet, nodules, ulcers, fistulas, blisters bulla, a large swelling of the hands and feet which may include metacarpal / metatarsal.

lot of pain and constant licking causes more moisture pain and infection of the nail bed (paronychia).



Treatment Treating the underlying cause.
Before treatment should be:
evaluate thyroid function
CBC

culture and sensitivity scaling for Demodex

biopsy imprint
Then the animal is anesthetized and cleaned it all fistulous tract and any injury. It makes a pad and bandage with furazolidone. After 24 hours the dressings are removed and daily foot baths are made with Pervinox or chlorhexidine.
Antibiotics for 6-8 weeks minimum. Cellulitis of German Shepherds


is a deep pyoderma, folliculitis and furunculosis that evolves cellulite.

It occurs in middle-aged animals.

The causative agent is S. intermedius (there may be Pseudomonas, E. coli, Corynebacterium).

The first symptom that appears is similar to an allergy to fleas, it's an itch in the lumbosacral area, hips and abdomen. (In general, the animal has fleas and treated wrongly by allergy to them).

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Inbreeding

How calculate? What effects may occur? How to avoid it? and in short how to handle it?
When we talk about kinship, we mean the amount of relationship between two individuals, and how they transmit it to their common ancestry and, above all, even implicitly, of cantidad de genes iguales que pueden tener dos individuos, y recalco pueden tener, pues ahora más que nunca estamos en el terreno de las probabilidades que pueden estar en homozigosis en la descendencia común.
Primero vamos a calcular la cantidad de parentesco, o de consanguinidad que tienen dos individuos con ascendencia común.

Cálculo de consanguinidad
Sabemos que cada individuo recibe la mitad de su carga genética de cada progenitor, o sea, la mitad del padre y la mitad de la madre. Entonces, dos medios hermanos, de padre o madre tienen un 50 por 100 de probabilidades de recibir la misma mitad de la carga genética del progenitor común, lo que es lo mismo, que la probabilidad de tener los mismos genes ambos individuals will, 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 (when speaking of odds, as is always done by one, that is, to make it only as a percentage must be multiplied by 100), so obviously have a 25 100 kin, so their son (X) will have a blood relationship of 0.25 x 0.5 = 0.125.
If they are full brothers, father and mother will have to add the other parent, who also is 25 by 100, so the relationship (F) is 50 by 100, or what is the same as the son of both have a kinship of 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.
When the common parent is a grandparent, are first cousins, things are a bit more complicated, but not much else, went through 5 individuals, the calculation is therefore 0.55 = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.03125, therefore the probability of having both individuals the same genes, and transferred to the offspring is of 3.125 for 100, but if you are 2 common grandparents, the probability is 6.25 per 100.
As we can see the kinship between two individuals will never be 100 by 100, unless they are monozygotic twins, formed from the same egg, and therefore have exactly the same DNA.
If we have a gene with 2 alleles, the possibilities for changes in an individual are small, there is a 25 100 chance that is AA, 50 100 chance that is Aa and 25 100, chances of it being aa. Therefore, if we have 2 individuals chosen at random, the probability of having exactly the same combination for this gene should be (1 / 4) = 0.25 (for there to be safe if we 1 / 0, 25 = 4, therefore occur CAD 1 time 4) or 1 instead of every 42 will find two individuals with the same combination in the same allele. If we repeat the operation with another gene, for example we will call gene B, we find the same opportunities, in the same gene, but the probability of having the same combination will now be 0.25 x 0.25 (the probability of A, by probability of B).

AA Aa Aa aa BB AABB AABB AABB
aaBb
AABB Bb Bb AaBb AaBb aaBb
AABB AaBb AaBb aaBb
bb aabb Aabb Aabb Aabb

Inbreeding between two individuals will never be 100 by 100, unless they are monozygotic twins, formed from the same egg, and therefore have exactly the MSIM DNA. Odds



There are combinations that are repeated, but for our calculations we will take the lesser possibility. If we consider that today it is estimated that the number of different genes is a higher mammal is from about 5000, we find that the probability that 2 individuals of the same species with a genome exactly zero is a number followed by 3,011 zeros coma before reaching the first significant figure. Therefore, finding two animals with the same genetic makeup is completely impossible in practice, because obviously the world's population is less than 103 011 dogs (would be written with a 1 followed by 3,011 zeros) number needed to occur at least once this fact.
What we do to make inbreeding is to increase the likelihood that the genomes of inbred animals have genes of the same composition.
In principle, this fact is neither positive nor negative for breeding, but if we take into account the large number of alleles that have been developed over the evolution of races and which are lethal, sublethal or just unwanted, because they cause malformations or defects in the race, and are hidden because they are recessive and consanguinity it does is increase the probability that these alleles are hidden in homozygosity, that is to be expressed in the phenotype, we see principle that inbreeding should not use it discriminately. However, for this reason we can use to detect inbreeding characters or reaffirm our breeding lines, but always very discriminate and carefully.

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How to interpret the nutrition information

balanced feed
The packaging of animal feed must include a set of data to ensure their adaptation to their special nutritional requirements. The consumer and dog owner, in turn, be able to read all those labeling to make sure your pet to provide adequate food.
The key to a food to be considered optimal is the complete and balanced statement, indicating that contains the necessary nutrients in the right proportions without the need for adding any kind of supplement to the diet of animal
Guaranteed Analysis "? Good feed
recognized by what is called "guaranteed analysis", a quality study that should show the guaranteed amounts of specific nutrients in the product. There are various regulations that require that this analysis is present in the labeling of containers, clearly indicating the minimum and maximum values \u200b\u200bof nutrients in the food, values \u200b\u200bare also set by the Health Laws. Thus, if the label guarantees that the product contains a minimum of 21% protein, for example, can contain up to 23%, but never less than indicated. The same happens with other components such as fat, but for others, such as fiber, moisture, instead of the minimum is the maximum mark.

Care labels The label on the packaging of food, both dry and semi moist or wet should be reflected the following:
The mark.
animal species and category of target: dogs, adults, puppies, etc.
Net weight and expiration date.
Percentage of nutrients: proteins, fats carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals that compose it.
List of ingredients: it identifies the sources from which it obtains nutrients and are listed according to weight in descending order.
dosage or daily ration, though generally indicative and depends on the particular animal.
manufacturer or distributor with full information and contact details. Country of origin

should know
complete and balanced food for dogs required three qualities also ensure defined as digestibility palatability and health.

Digestibility is a way to measure the nutritional content of food: the amount of energy the animal's body digests, absorbs, and is able to take advantage, regardless of the chemical analysis of its components. Would, ultimately, the difference between food intake and removed. The more digestible than food have more nutritional value, since they can only use the nutrients absorbed by the digestive system, while the rest is excreted in the feces.

Although digestibility is a property of food and not the animal, each species has a different way, depending on your digestive system to absorb the various nutrients with the same food can be very digestible for dogs, for example, and not for cats.

Palatability is the condition that has tasty food for the animal. The palatability study was conducted with the combination of the smell, texture and taste, and directly influences appetite and behavior of the animal to the food.

Finally, the guarantee of health indicates that the food is completely free of pathogens and has been processed and packed according to the processes that ensure this condition. It may also include the action of certain non-harmful additives that act as preservatives and antioxidants, extending product life.
necessary nutrients and its source
know the food pyramid and basic principles of nutrition will help to choose food for our dog and evaluate the quality. Proteins, carbohydrates and fiber, fats, vitamins and minerals are the elements that provide energy to the body and feed these ueden come from many different sources.

Proteins Necessary for the growth and formation of all tissues. They consist of chains of amino acids, of which some are produced by the body and others must be obtained through food.
The protein dog food can come meat, fish, bones, eggs and dairy products, processed into meal and dry goods in general.

If the analysis says the ingredients or meat products derived from flour also refers to non-muscle tissues and organs (liver, kidneys, stomach, etc..) Of various animals such as chicken, turkey, pork or beef.

If specifically says poultry, beef or pork indicates that the proteins are obtained Dedel animal muscle tissue. Necessary Vitamins

as catalysts for various chemical reactions, perform many functions, including maintaining healthy skin, hair, eyes, bones, etc.
You get the milk, vegetables, yeast, liver, kidneys and cereals and are often added as supplements (A, D, E, K, biotin, B12, riboflavin, thiamine, etc..) To pet food to achieve a balanced vitamin intake. Minerals

have structural and regulatory functions involved in the formation of bone and calcium in neuromuscular transmission, such as magnesium in blood clotting in numerous enzymatic and metabolic processes at very small but necessary for the proper functioning of the body in general.

in dog foods, sources of minerals are meat, liver, fish, dairy, grains, marrow and also added as supplements of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and copper.

Essential fatty acids provide energy and maintain healthy hair and skin. They also make tasty meals and help in the absorption of some vitamins. In the dog food fats may be of animal, usually stabilized with vitamin E, or vegetable oil or sunflower oil and its rate should be monitored in low-calorie diets, older and obese dogs. Carbohydrates and fiber

provide immediate energy and fiber contained in them to aid digestion and intestinal function, dragging wastes which are eliminated in the stool, favoring a good consistency of them. The contribution of carbohydrate in diets for pets is resolved based mainly rice, maize and wheat, grains and flours.

is also added crude fiber in the form of beet pulp, chicory pulp, yam flour, guar gum, peas and other vegetable fibers. Antioxidant supplements

Lately many manufacturers incorporate the feed, especially those for older dogs some elements that act as antioxidants, slowing the aging and the generation of free radicals in the body and increasing the defenses.
The most common are: taurine, an amino acid which acts as an antioxidant and contributes to the smooth functioning of the heart, the bioflavonoids, to delay cellular aging, and some micronutrients such as selenium, copper, manganese and zinc, minerals that are essential for the antioxidant process.
also vitamins C (ascorbic Ac.), E (alpha tocopherol) and provitamin A (Beta Carotene) are being included as antioxidant supplements.

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Unlike the wolf, his ancestor carnivore and hunter, our domestic dogs are able to adapt to more varied diets and even eat almost anything if they are hungry enough. However, their preference for meat, hobby to bury and protect food and a kind of tendency to gluttony are some of the legacy of the wolf eating behaviors and still remain.

not only every species has a specific nutritional needs, but the breed, size, age and activity of the dog determine the type of food you need. Thus, for example, and proportionately large breed dogs need less feed per kg. of body weight than those of the smaller breeds, working dogs, such as hunters or shooting high caloric need and also growing puppies have different nutritional needs depending on the size of their race.

Although dogs are not very demanding and can repeat menu every day, some express their preferences for certain tastes, like sweet and salty, especially the smaller breeds and larger. Luckily, dog food manufacturers have already studied these tendencies and take into account when increasing the degree of palatability of its products, thus avoiding dietary error satisfy the whims of our pet products based on inadequate.
Having a dog means taking the responsibility to feed it properly to ensure a long and healthy life
Leftovers no thanks
You can feed your pet in a home but it is not advisable because it is difficult to ensure complete and balanced supply of nutrients it needs. In addition to the amount of animal protein your body requires, your needs for vitamins and minerals are completely different from ours, such as vitamin D or C and, unless we measure accurately each nutrient, the dog would not be properly fed.

Worse is to feed the dog with food scraps, as salt, sugar, spices and excess starch that usually make up the human diet are not tolerated by the body of the dog. Even fads like chocolate, or foods such as onions, hidden in much of our sauces, can cause serious health problems to the animal, ranging from anemia to intoxication and death.
The same is true for an exclusively carnivorous diet, based on offal and other meats, including raw, which will eventually lead to severe nutritional deficiencies, or the bad habit of giving the bones of our leftovers which, in addition to not provide the nutrients, can splinter and tear the animal's digestive tract.

biscuits, bones and treats specially formulated for dogs are a good option to add variety to their diet occasionally. Power Good



Eating the right amount and the balanced composition: the is the key to good nutrition for the dog. The diet of an adult dog needs to include a minimum of 21% protein, 5% lipids or fats, 5% fiber tow and waste products as much as 50% of carbohydrates. Will also need calcium, phosphorus and taurine in suitable proportions, as well as other nutrients, which are added according to the specific needs of each dog, as is the case of antioxidants that ultimately are incorporated into feed to older dogs. The labels on these special compounds Details of these aspects and should know how to interpret the power to bring our dog. (Link to "interpret labels food). Types of feed

wet and dry diets are the options that are on the whole foods market. The main difference is the amount of moisture and, in general, one can say that the higher humidity, fewer nutrients and less calories, so eat the amount should be higher in the case of canned food.

Advantageously, the wet diet is more palatable to the animal, but preservation is more cumbersome and the price is usually higher.

temperature that food should be warm, the dog's own body as too hot can damage the gastrointestinal mucosa of the dog, while cold can cause diarrhea, vomiting, digestion cuts, etc..

For dry food, balanced feed, to the advantage of concentration of nutrients, add comfort, ease of maintenance and the benefit is a slight abrasion on the teeth performs l animal, keeping clean of tartar. Obviously, with a dry diet dogs need to consume more water, always fresh and clean and always available. Good eating habits


A dog is able to eat much more than they actually need, you can eat at any time, even without hunger, and rarely despise a juicy morsel. For your love of food will not cause problems it is necessary to follow these guidelines when feeding control:

An adult dog will receive the proper amount to its weight, race and veterinary activity itself will show.
Generally, one meal a day, preferably at the same time is enough for a healthy dog.
The best time is at noon to adjust and exits to their needs.
is important to remove the feeder when the dog is over and if you left a deposit, be reduced by the next ration.
In summer should diminish somewhat restrict the diet and fat, in winter it must be reversed.
After feed the dog rests and not appropriate to exercise with full stomach, at the risk of gastric torsion.
have to watch what you eat over there and we have to observe the condition, quantity and size and color of your stool, which should be light brown to clear, neither too soft nor too hard.

A complete power needs no additional contributions, it could unbalance the diet Special diets
Cubs

To facilitate their growth, the puppy needs a greater supply of nutrients and a more frequent intake of food to meet year-old . Feeding a puppy should be moist during the first two or three weeks after weaning; moistened then to gradually move to dry. Until three months ration is divided into four doses a day for six months in three doses and after six months you can eat twice a day.

Keep in mind that growth by race have a different pace, and grow more slowly the larger the size of the race, so the puppies of large and giant breeds should be monitored especially to receive the match and adequate calcium for the formation of bone: a common problem in dogs when such developments are too high is the bone weakness. Dogs
working dogs with high activity
may need up to triple the calories than those who develop a normal activity. It is important to note that high energy requirement would represent an intake of at least 25% protein and higher levels of fats, minerals and vitamins.
If the dog has a lot of wear can be distributed on ration twice daily: a smaller, two or three hours from start business, and the rest at the regular time or when the dog has rested. Senior Dog


As the dog ages decreases their need for energy, due to lower your metabolism and lower our activities. If we do not change your diet, lowering fat as proteins, it is easy to gain weight (link with obesity) and start having digestive problems and other bodies, forced to work more in the treatment of those inappropriate foods.

aging dogs begins at different ages, by race and generally are considered old Dogs between 9 and 10 years, the middle, between 7 and 8 years and large breed dogs between 5 to 6 years.
Most diets for older dogs and include antioxidants that increase longevity and protect your immune system pregnant and lactating bitches

require special food with high caloric and vitamins especially during the last 3 or 4 weeks of gestation, with increases of up to 25% of the diet and a specially formulated for pregnant women, who usually is the same in composition of food for puppies, with high percentages of protein, calcium and other nutrients. If you try this diet is not necessary to provide extra calcium, like many owners believe, unless the veterinarian so dictate.